Pro-liberty: June 2022

Electors Voting Process: Part Twelve

There is another reason why there needs to be a different set of electors for the Vice-President. It is the same reason why these electors must be chosen by a different democratic model.

The Vice President, according to Article 1 Section 3 Clause 4 of the U.S. Constitution, is elected to serve as President Of The Senate. His/Her Constitutional duties are limited to that only. That is why that position is called Vice-President instead of Assistant President.

The Vice-President can perform Presidential duties only when he/she is acting as President. This can only happen when the currently serving President has been incapacitated, either on a temporary or rest of the term basis. Until that happens, the Vice-President is supposed to be barred from participating in the federal executive branch.

According to the U.S. Constitution, the President is therein prohibited from having any authority over the Vice-President as the Vice-President presides over the U.S. Senate only.

This analogy must be considered. An assistant principal helps the principal execute his/her duties. A vice-principal, on the other hand, has specific tasks of his/her own to do as he/she does not assist the principal in executing the duties of the principal. The vice-principal answers far less to the principal than the assistant principal. While both the vice-principal and assistant principal have less authority than the principal and while both can also fill in as principal if the principal is unavailable to perform his/her duties, their similarities end there.

The U.S. Constitution needs to be restored so that the President and Vice-President are on separate tickets so that Separation Of Powers and Checks and Balances are maintained. These two positions need its own set of electors who are chosen based on its own different democratic models. After all, both positions' officeholder serves in a different branch of government.

Electors Voting Process: Part Eleven

The electors for the vice-head executive of the state and federal government (vice-governor and Vice-President) should be chosen by the Land-Based Model. In the current U.S. Constitution, if the electors fail to choose the Vice-President, then the United States Senate chooses the President. The U.S. Senate is based on a Land-Based Model as each state has different populations. Therefore each Vice-Presidential elector must represent a state senate district because of that fact.

The reason why the electors for Vice-President should be chosen this way is they have to answer more to the State than to the People in choosing the vice-head executive of the federal branch. This is necessary otherwise the Vice-Presidency would be too direct democratic. The Vice-President needs to be more directly tied to the State than the People as the Vice-President is the President Of The Senate.

The vice-governor, as vice-head executive of the state government, has to follow the principle of the Vice-President for the same reasons as state government has to have the basically same Republic form of government as the federal government. Therefore its electors must be chosen by Land-Based Model as well.

Each elector for vice-governor must represent a locality as each of these entities has their own distinct land-size and population.

Electors Voting Process: Part Ten

The electors for the head executive of the state and federal government(governor and President) should be chosen by the Population-Based Model. In the current U.S. Constitution, if the electors fail to choose the President, then the House of Representatives chooses the President.

The House of Representatives is based on a Population-Based Model as each congressional district has virtually the same population. Therefore, each Presidential elector must represent a specific congressional district because of that fact.

The reason why the electors for President should be chosen this way is they have to answer more to the People than to the State in choosing the head executive of the federal branch. This is necessary otherwise the Presidency would be too Imperial Democratic. The President needs to be more directly tied to the People than the State in administering the federal government.

The governor, as head executive of the state government, has to follow the principle of the President for the same reasons as state government has to have the basically same Republic form of government as the federal government. Therefore its electors must be chosen by Population-Based Model as well.

Each elector must represent a state delegate/assembly district as each of these districts have virtually the same population.

Electors Voting Process: Part Nine

Electors should be used to choose the state head executives (Governor and Vice-Governor). These electors should be chosen a year before they cast their choice for these positions.

There needs to be a different set of electors for governor and for vice-governor. Each set of electors must individually represent a different entity. On the federal level, a Presidential elector must represent a congressional district while a Vice-Presidential elector must represent a state senate district. Thereby the states must pattern their government model from the federal model. On the state level, an elector for governor must represent a state delegate/assembly district and an elector for vice-governor must represent a locality (county or city).

Electors Voting Process: Part Eight

Electors for the federal executive heads have to be eligible in order to be chosen. They should not be a participant in the core functions of any of the three branches of government. They should also meet the standard constitutional requirements. Finally, electors have to obtain a sufficient number of signatures in his/her federal congressional district (Presidential) or state senate district (Vice-Presidential) in order to obtain eligibility.

Electors have a special role. They cast votes on a one-time basis. After that they have no role. They then go back to their normal life. In lieu of this, there must be an incentive for an individual to seek this position. After all, they have to contest elections for this role that has a very limited term.

One incentive is eligible candidates are advertised, by the proper government agency that handles elections, to their specific electorate. Since serving as an elector is a public responsibility, the public should meet the expense of this advertisement. In this advertisement, a candidate for elector can "spell out" the reasons why he/she should be voted as the elector to their electorate.

Another incentive is compensation. Considering the magnitude of their decision, electors have to get paid a fair amount. In the American Constitution, it should be cited that an elector should receive, for his/her services, an amount equivalent to one month's salary which a member of the U.S. House of Representatives receives.

Electors Voting Process: Part Seven

When electors convene in their state's capitol, they cast their choices for President and Vice-President. The candidate who gets the highest number of electors' votes becomes that state's choice for these officeholders, provided he/she receives at least one-third of the electors' votes.

If no Presidential candidate manages to receive at least one-third of the electors' votes, then the members of the lower house of the state legislature (house of delegates/assembly) chooses their state's choice for President out of the Top Three vote getters. The candidate who gets the highest number of votes becomes the state's choice for President.

If no Vice-Presidential candidate manages to receive at least one-third of the electors' votes, then the upper house of the state legislature (house of delegates/assembly) chooses their state's choice for Vice-President out of the Top Two vote getters. The candidate who gets the highest number of votes becomes the state's choice for Vice-President.

Electors Voting Process: Part Six

When electors for either President or Vice-President are elected by the electorate via electoral voting, one set of electors must be chosen individually by a different entity than the other set of electors. Otherwise the process of choosing them will not be Representative Democratic. It will be instead Imperial Democratic or direct democratic, which are both flawed democratic models.

The lower house of the state legislature (house of delegates/assembly) must choose one at-large Presidential and one at-large Vice-Presidential elector. The upper house of the state legislature (state senate) must also choose one at-large elector for President and one at-large elector. The remaining electors for each state must represent either a federal congressional district (for President) or a state senate district (for Vice-President) in that specific state.

Electors Voting Process: Part Five

As cited earlier in my posts, the state legislatures should not make the law on how electors for President and Vice-President are chosen. Instead this method of choosing should be clearly written in the U.S. Constitution.

As governance is different now than at the time of the birth of the nation, the reason why the U.S. Constitution should spell out this process is self-evident.

One feature that finally needs to be changed is that all electors must be individually chosen by an electorate belonging to a different area so that each elector is free to cast his/her vote for the Presidential and Vice-Presidential candidate. If the state legislature chooses the electors, these electors are chosen as one group by the same group. Therefore each elector is not free to cast his/her vote freely nor are they representative of the electorate.

Currently the electors are compelled to vote for the candidate that the plurality of the electorate votes for. This is hardly Representative Democratic mode. It is instead direct democratic mode as each elector is no longer free, as was the intent of the drafters of the American Constitution, to cast his/her vote for the Presidential and Vice-Presidential candidate of his/her choice. Moreover, these electors have no voting rights as all must vote according to the plurality of one group and the same group, the electorate.

The idea of the concept of electors was to have a buffer between the constituents and the legislatures in choosing the positions of President and Vice-President.

The state legislatures and especially the U.S. Congress should never choose these electors as that would be Imperial Democratic Mode. However, the plurality of the electorate should not decide how the electors should vote because that would be direct democratic mode.

Read my next post to discover how each and every elector should be chosen.

Electors Voting Process: Part Four

Since the purpose of the electors is to choose the President and Vice-President independently on behalf of each state, then the electorate should not know in advance who the electors or even who each elector will choose as President. Otherwise what would be the point of having electors? The electorate might as well choose these two officeholders either directly or through electoral voting instead of elector voting.

The U.S. Constitution does not specify the dates of when electors are to be chosen and of when electors choose the candidate to be both President and Vice-President. It allows U.S. Congress to make the law governing this. It should instead be written in the U.S. Constitution that stipulates that electors need to be chosen a full year before these chosen electors cast ballots for the Presidential and Vice-Presidential candidate. Therefore electors are chosen before candidates for these two offices are officially announced to the electorate.

Candidates for President and Vice-President are eligible if they meet the signature requirements per state as well as all the other requirements. They should file their applications with the vice-governor's office in each state.

Electors Voting Process: Part Three

Electors also should not be directly chosen by the state legislatures even though the U.S Constitution permits them to do so. The U.S. Constitution only permitted this because individual states were the sovereign governmental authorities back then. Now that governance has been federally-centric since the end of the Civil War, the federal government should not allow co-mingling of the activity of choosing electors for the federal head executives. To keep this activity totally federal, the federal government should demand that the electorate participate actively in the choosing of these electors.

After the Civil War, the states' governments became franchises of the federal government. For this phenomenon to remain this way, the federal government should not want the interference of state governments in the choosing of federal head executives.

No state legislature currently chooses these electors directly. That practice should not ever be allowed to happen, not just for the reasons previously described, but also for another major reason.

What would be the point of allowing state legislatures to choose these electors directly since in all likelihood they will pick electors who belong to the party which has the plurality in the state legislatures? The state legislatures might as well be allowed to directly choose the state's choice for President if this was the case.

Finally the U.S. Constitution gives state governments the authority to pass laws that govern the choosing of electors. There could be several ways in which these electors are chosen. Since the federal government has been the supreme governmental authority for over 150 years. the activity is the choosing of electors for federal head executives must be uniform. It must be documented in the nation's charter, the U.S. Constitution.

Electors Voting Process: Part Two

Currently in all but one or two states, if a plurality of the state's electorate choose a specific candidate, then all the state's electors have to cast votes for that specific candidate. In the one or two states that does not follow this practice, their state's electors are compelled to vote for the candidate that the plurality of the electorate chooses in his/her specific congressional district.

This really takes away from the very idea of having electors in the first place. After all, there is no reason of having electors if the popular vote in either the congressional district or entire state legally binds an elector's choice.

There are a few states that allow an elector to not cast his/her vote for a candidate that the plurality of the state's electorate chooses. These electors are called "faithless electors". However, they may not be legally allowed to vote for another candidate.

Electors are supposed to be independent of the will of the electorate's plurality. That was the reason why that system was implemented in the U.S. Constitution. Please read my next post to read about proposed measures to restore this system back to its original purpose.

Electors Voting Process: Part One

The U.S. Constitution does not specifies the dates of choosing the electors for President and Vice President. Furthermore it does not specify the date in which electors choose the President and Vice-President.

Since federal law specifies these dates, the dates can be changed by an act of U.S. Congress. Currently the electors choose these two officeholders about six weeks after they have been formally chosen themselves. This needs to change.

When the American Constitution was drafted, the states were independent sovereign republics. Because they had much more autonomy than they do after the end of the U.S. Civil War, the candidates for President did no campaigning to the electorate. These officeholders were selected at the discretion of the electors.

The elector system was proposed as a compromise amongst the drafters of the American Constitution. There were one set of these founders who wanted the state legislatures to choose the President and Vice-President. There were also another set who wanted the electorate to directly choose the President, possibly by National Popular Vote. Therefore the elector system was deemed a "middle ground". It supposedly prevented any legislature (state or federal) and the electorate from directly choosing these officeholders in the federal executive branch.

Currently the direct popular vote is choosing these officeholders on a state-by-state basis as electoral votes are allocated to each state based on its population. That is not the manner of choosing the President and Vice-President that the American Constitution has prescribed.

Please read Electors Voting Process-Part Two. It explains the changes that need to be made to ensure proper Representative Governance.

The Use Of Electors-Clarification Part Twelve

An eligibility requirement for an elector at the state and federal level is the prohibition of participation in any branch of government in which a government function is exercised. In plain terms, current "judicial advocates"(certainly attorneys at-law), bureaucrats, police members, and military personnel cannot serve as an elector, period!

The Use Of Electors-Clarification Part Eleven

The Presidential and Vice-Presidential electors need to meet in their respective states. These electors decide who their choice will be. They should make distinct lists of all persons voted for. That list cites the number of votes by electors that all candidates eventually receive.

After the list is signed and certified, it is sent to the Vice-President.

The Vice-Presidential electors must choose a Vice-President who is from a different state than the state's Presidential electors' choice for President.

The state's choice for both President and Vice-President will receive the assigned electoral votes for that state. The candidate who received the majority of all electoral votes wins the national election. That count takes place on the following January 6th in the U.S. Senate.

The Use Of Electors-Clarification Part Ten

The state electors need to meet in their respective state's capitol. These electors must decide who their choice will be. They should make distinct lists of all persons voted for. That list cites the number of votes by electors that all candidates eventually receive. After the list is signed and certified, it is sent to the Vice-Governor.

The Vice-Governor electors must choose a Vice-Governor who is from a different locality than the state's Governor electors' choice for Governor.

The candidate who receives the majority of all electoral votes cast by the electors wins the state election. That count should take place on the following month of January in the State Senate.

The Use Of Electors-Clarification Part Nine- Excerpt Five

The Use Of Electors-Clarification Part Nine-Excerpt

Electors must choose by majority both the Governor and Lieutenant Governor. The states' head executives have to receive a mandate in order to be deemed fit to occupy their respective offices. In addition, any choice for these two positions has to meet all proper eligibility requirements.

The odds of numerous electors, from each state delegate/assembly district and state senate district, of achieving a majority in their selection of the state's head executives are minute and remote. If no majority is achieved by any of the candidates, the top four candidates for each of these positions who received the highest number of votes in the first vote count by the electors must runoff against each other in the second vote count by these respective electors in order for one candidate to achieve a majority, provided there were more than four candidates entered in this contest. If no candidate still receives a majority of electors' votes or if only four candidates or less were fielded and still no majority was achieved, the next process must be followed instead.

If still no candidate receives a majority of elector votes, if this occurs in the Governor's race, then the House Of Delegates/Assembly vote for the Governor out of the Top Three vote-getting candidates. The candidate who receives the majority of these lower house votes becomes the Governor-elect.

If a candidate for Governor still cannot get a majority of state lower house votes, then the elected Vice Governor becomes Governor-Elect. The candidate for Vice-Governor who receives the 2nd highest number of electoral votes becomes the Vice-Governor-Elect.

If a candidate for Vice-Governor is unable to attain a majority of elector votes, a runoff election between the Top Three vote-getting candidates takes place in order for a candidate to attain a majority of elector votes. If no candidate still is not in receipt of a majority elector votes, then the state senate chooses the Vice Governor-Elect out of the Top Two elector-vote recipients in that run-off election.

Cliff Notes Version: Electors must choose by majority both the Governor and Vice-Governor. If they fail, then a second vote count is needed if there were four or more candidates. If still no candidate for Governor is in receipt of the majority of votes by the electors in the second vote count, or if there were four or less candidates for Governor and still no candidate achieved a majority of electors' votes, then the members of the House Of Delegates/Assembly vote for the Governor out of the Top Three vote-getting candidates in the original electors' choosing of the Governor. The candidate who receives the majority of votes becomes the Governor-elect.

If the House of Delegates/Assembly cannot provide majority support to any candidate for Governor, then the elected Vice-Governor becomes Governor-Elect. The candidate for Vice-Governor who came in second in the tally by its electors becomes the Vice-Governor-Elect.

If a candidate, out of the Top Four, for Vice-Governor cannot get a majority of elector votes, then the state senate chooses the Vice-Governor-Elect out of the Top Two elector-vote recipients.

The Use Of Electors-Clarification Part Nine (Excerpts One-Four)

The Use Of Electors-Clarification Part Nine (Excerpt One)

The choosing of the Governor and Vice-Governor by the proposed two different sets of electors has to be mainly governed in a manner as similarly described by the current 12th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

A majority of choices given by its electors is needed to choose both the Governor and Vice-Governor. The states' head executives have to receive a mandate in order to be deemed fit to occupy their respective offices. In addition, any choice for these two positions has to meet all proper eligibility requirements.

Since the odds of numerous electors at each the state delegate/assembly district and state senate level achieving a majority in their selection of the state's head executives are minute and remote, the top four candidates for each of these positions who received the highest number of votes must runoff against each other in the second election by these respective electors. As cited previously, a candidate must achieve a majority of votes by their respective electors.

If no Governor candidate gets the majority of electors to choose him or her, then the House Of Delegates/Assemblymen will choose the Governor out of the Top Three candidates with each elector expressing his/her choice. A majority of Delegates/Assemblymen choices is still needed to choose the Governor from these three candidates.

If no candidate, out of the narrowed field of three, gets that majority of Delegates/Assemblymen to choose him/her, then the chosen Vice-Governor acts as Governor and occupies the office for its full term.

Due to the fact a vacancy will arise in the office of Vice-Governor if this event occurs, the individual who should serve as Acting Vice-Governor should be the candidate for Vice-Governor who earlier had just received the 2nd highest number of electors' votes. That should be incorporated in each state's Constitution.

The reasons for the preceding are simple.

1. The state's Speaker Of The House of Delegates/Assemblymen should not serve as Acting Vice- Governor because succession should only happen when there are vacancies in both the offices of state head executives and also when the newly chosen head executives (Governor and Vice-Governor) are both serving their terms in their respective offices. Succession should only be utilized in case of highly extenuating circumstances. Lack of qualification during the lame duck session is not to be considered as such.

2. The chosen Vice-Governor who acts as Governor should not have the authority to unilaterally choose the Vice-Governor. That confers to that office, held that too by the Acting Governor, too much authority and centralization of power.

3. A runner-up in a specific race has much more legitimacy in serving in that specific office than anyone else.

The Use Of Electors-Clarification Part Nine (Excerpt Two)

If no Vice-Governor candidate gets the majority of votes by their electors to choose him or her, then the Top Three vote-getting candidates are subject to an election runoff. The candidate who receives a majority of electors' votes becomes the Vice-Governor. If none of these three candidates are still not able to obtain the majority of electors' votes, then the State Senate will choose the Vice-Governor out of the Top Two vote-getting candidates in the election runoff. If there is a tie between these two candidates, then the outgoing Vice-Governor should cast his/her choice to break the tie.

The Use Of Electors-Clarification Part Nine (Excerpt Three)

In the event both the chosen Governor and the chosen Vice-Governor are not able or eligible to serve during the lame duck session, each state constitution should state specifically the following course of action needed when this event occurs.

When both chosen head executives are unable and/or ineligible to serve during the lame duck session, the House of Delegates/Assembly should choose the Governor from the list of the next three top vote-getting candidates with a majority vote for the winning candidate in each state. If a candidate for Governor cannot get a majority, then the State Senate's choice for Vice-Governor, out of its next two top vote-getting candidates, serves as the Acting Governor till the end of the Governor's term. The outgoing Vice-Governor would break any tie if a tie occurred. Also in lieu of this event, the Vice-Governor candidate who was not chosen as Acting Governor by the State Senate would proceed to serve as Acting Vice-Governor till the end of the Vice-Governor's term.

In the event either the Governor-elect or Vice-Governor-elect is unable and/or ineligible to serve during the lame duck session, the constitution of each state should be specific in providing remedy so that the discretionary authority of the state legislative branch is not unduly expanded. The constitution of each state should cite that if the chosen and eligible Governor-elect is declared unable to serve during this period, then the Vice-Governor-elect serves as Acting Governor till the end of the Governor's term. The candidate who received the 2nd highest number of Vice-Governor Electors' votes becomes the Acting Vice-Governor till the end of the Vice-Governor's term. If the chosen and eligible Vice-Governor-elect is declared unable to serve during this period, the candidate who received the 2nd highest number of Vice-Governor Electors' votes also becomes the Acting Vice-Governor till the end of the Vice-Governor's term.

The Use Of Electors-Clarification Part Nine (Excerpt Four)

For all State Senate and House Of Delegates/Assemblymen voting activities, a quorum of 2/3rds of the total number of its members is needed.

The reason why these certain revisions of each state's Constitution are needed is because state governments plays a different role now than when the U.S. Constitution was written. Excessive de- centralization of power should be kept to a minimum. Moreover, giving the electorate the sole authority to choose the Governor and Vice-Governor would only breed tyranny because it increases the influence of money, party politics, and electorate pandering.

The current existing practice is based on the direct democratic model. It gives the state executive branch too much discretionary power because a candidate for Governor and Vice-Governor only has to answer to the electorate as one whole unit.

Cliff Notes Version: The current existing practice is based on the direct democratic model. It gives the state executive branch too much discretionary power because a candidate for Governor and Vice- Governor only has to answer to the electorate as one whole unit.

The choosing of the Governor and Vice-Governor must occur by the proposed two different set of electors. The electors must choose these two positions via a simple majority vote.

The Use Of Electors-Clarification Part Eight

The choosing of the President and Vice-President by the proposed two different set of electors has to be governed by the stipulations in the current 12th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

A majority of states' choices, given by its electors, is needed to choose both the President and Vice-President. The head executives have to receive this mandate in order to be deemed fit to occupy their respective offices.

If no Presidential candidate gets the majority of states to choose him or her, then the House Of Representatives will choose the President out of the Top Three candidates with each state expressing its choice. A majority of states' choices, given by its electors, is still needed to choose the President from these three candidates.

If no candidate, out of the narrowed field of three, gets that majority of states to choose him/her, then the chosen Vice-President acts as President and occupies the office for its full term.

Since a vacancy will arise in the office of Vice-Presidency if this event occurs, then according to current Congress-made law the Acting President can unilaterally choose the Acting Vice-President to serve for the entire term. This law must be repealed. Instead it should be the individual who receives the 2nd highest number of votes who should become the Acting Vice-President. This measure should be incorporated in the U.S. Constitution.

The reasons for the preceding are simple.

1. The Speaker Of The House of Representatives should not serve as Acting Vice-President because succession should only happen when there are vacancies in both the offices of head executives and also when the newly chosen head executives (President and Vice-President) are both serving their terms in their respective offices. Succession should only be utilized in case of highly extenuating circumstances. Lack of qualification during the lame duck session is not to be considered as such.

2. The chosen Vice-President who acts as President should not have the authority to unilaterally choose the Vice-President. That confers to that office, held that too by the Acting President, too much authority and centralization of power.

3. A runner-up in a specific race has much more legitimacy in serving in that specific office than anyone else.

If no Vice-President candidate gets the majority of votes by their electors to choose him or her, then the Top Three vote-getting candidates are subject to an election runoff. The candidate who receives a majority of electors' votes becomes the Vice-President. If none of these three candidates are still not able to obtain the majority of electors' votes, then the United States Senate will choose the Vice-President out of the Top Two vote-getting candidates in the election runoff. If there is a tie between these two candidates, then the outgoing Vice-President should cast his/her choice to break the tie.

In the event both the chosen President and the chosen Vice-President are not able or eligible to serve during the lame duck session, the US Constitution erroneously gives U.S Congress the authority to pass laws that govern the choosing of both head executives. The U.S. Constitution should instead be
re-written so that this document specifically states the course of action needed when this event occurs.

When both chosen head executives are unable and/or ineligible to serve during the lame duck session, the U.S. House of Representatives should choose the President from the list of the next three top vote-getting candidates with a majority vote for the winning candidate in each state. If a candidate for President cannot get a majority, then the United States Senate's choice for Vice-President, out of its next two top vote-getting candidates, serves as the Acting President till the end of the President's term. The outgoing Vice-President would break any tie if a tie occurred. Also in lieu of this event, the Vice-President candidate who was not chosen as Acting President by the United Senate would proceed to serve as Acting Vice-President till the end of the Vice-President's term.

In the event either the President-elect or Vice-President-elect is unable and/or ineligible to serve during the lame duck session, the U.S. Constitution should be specific in providing remedy so that the discretionary authority of the state legislative branch is not unduly expanded. The U.S. Constitution should cite that if the chosen and eligible President-elect is declared unable to serve during this period, then the Vice-President-elect serves as Acting President till the end of the President's term. The candidate who received the 2nd highest number of Vice-President Electors' votes becomes the Acting Vice-President till the end of the Vice-President's term. If the chosen and eligible Vice-President-elect is declared unable to serve during this period, the candidate who received the 2nd highest number of Vice-President Electors' votes also becomes the Acting Vice-President till the end of the Vice-President's term.

For all U.S. Senate and House Of Representatives voting activities, a quorum of 2/3rds of the total number of its members is needed.

The reason why certain revisions of the U.S. Constitution are needed is because the federal government plays a different role now than when the U.S. Constitution was written. Centralization of power should be kept to a minimum. Moreover, giving U.S. Congress the authority to decide certain issues, such as replacements for President and Vice-President in case both are unavailable and/or ineligible, gives the federal legislative branch too much discretionary power. Since the federal government became the sovereign authority since the end of the U.S. Civil War, it is important to properly confine its authority.

The Use Of Electors-Clarification Part Seven

In the race for Vice-Governor, electors should be chosen by electoral voting at the state delegate/assemblyperson district level.

The candidate for elector who wins the popular vote by eligible voters for each locality's ward/district receives the electoral vote for that locality's ward/district. Each locality's ward/district within the state delegate/assemblyperson district level is assigned one electoral vote.

The candidate for vice-gubernatorial elector who wins the highest number of electoral votes becomes the elector for that state delegate/assemblyperson district.

The current choosing of electors for state head executives is based on both the Population-Based model and the Land-Based model of voting. Moreover due to each state delegate/assemblyperson district elector choosing only one candidate for Vice-Governor, cross-voting has to be used but not exclusively. The representation of a state delegate/assemblyperson district by a Vice-Governor elector is the Population-Based model for the Vice-Governor elector. The assignment of one electoral vote to every locality's ward/district, in that state delegate/assemblyperson district represented by the Vice-Governor elector, is the Land-Based model for the Vice-Governor Elector.

Both models of voting have to be utilized in the choosing of Governor and Vice-Governor electors. Otherwise the capacity of both Governor and Vice-Governor becomes either too direct democratic if the choosing is solely based on the Population-Based model or too Imperial Democratic if the choosing is solely based on the Land-Based model.

The Use Of Electors-Clarification Part Six

In the race for Governor, electors should be chosen by electoral voting at the state senatorial district level. The candidate for elector who wins the popular vote by eligible voters for each locality election precinct receives the electoral vote for that locality election precinct. Each locality election precinct within the state senatorial district level is assigned one electoral vote.

The candidate for gubernatorial elector who wins the highest number of electoral votes becomes the elector for that state senatorial district.

The choosing of electors for state head executives should be based on both the Population-Based model and the Land-Based model of voting. Additionally due to each state senate district elector choosing only one candidate for Governor, cross-voting has to be used but not exclusively. The representation of a state senate district by a Governor elector is the Land-Based model for the Governor elector. The assignment of one electoral vote to every locality election precinct, in that state senate district represented by the Governor elector, is the Population-Based model for the Governor Elector.

Both models of voting have to be utilized in the choosing of Governor and Vice-Governor electors. Otherwise the capacity of both Governor and Vice-Governor becomes either too direct democratic if the choosing is solely based on the Population-Based model or too Imperial Democratic if the choosing is solely based on the Land-Based model.

The Use Of Electors-Clarification Part Five

The U.S. Constitution cites that electors who choose the President should also separately choose the Vice-President. Of course because the candidates for President and Vice-President are both on the same ticket, this is not the case.

The framers of this document did not desire the President and Vice-President to be on the same ticket. They envisioned two different races for those elected positions. That is why they specified that the electors provide two distinctly separate lists revealing not just the state's choice for each President and Vice-President but also a list of all the other candidates in those two separate races along with the vote totals of all candidates.

The framers wanted two entirely different races but they want the same set of electors from each state to cast the state's choice for each position. This is something that should change due to the changed nature of federal and state governments.

For the first 90 years, the state governments were sovereign republics with a great deal of independence. For the last 150+ years. they are now franchises of the federal government. Since the federal government is now the sovereign government power with a much greater deal of power, division of power is a must. The same set of electors should not choose both the President and Vice-President. Instead there must be two different sets of electors from each state who each choose one of these two different executive branch officeholder positions. One set of electors from each state chooses one executive branch officeholder position and the other set of electors from each state chooses the other executive branch officeholder position.

The Use Of Electors-Clarification Part Four

The U.S. Constitution cites that the legislatures in each state should pass laws on how their electors for President and Vice-President should be chosen. When that document was written, the states were sovereign republics. Since that has not been the case in over 150 years, the U.S. Constitution should be amended to state the specific manner that these electors are chosen.

That amendment should read to the effect that electors are to be mainly chosen by the electorate by electoral voting at the congressional district level for Presidential electors and at the state senate district level for Vice-Presidential electors. The US Constitution should also mandate that a specific house in the state legislature has to each choose the two additional at-large electors.

The Use Of Electors-Clarification Part Three

The reason why electoral votes for Presidents should be assigned to each locality within a congressional district and why electoral votes for Vice-President should be assigned to each and every election precinct is simple.

Cross-voting is important but it should not be totally used. The US Constitution in the 12th Amendment clearly called for this method of voting to be partially used. It cited that if the electors failed to achieve a majority in choosing the President, then the House Of Representatives would choose the President but would have only one vote per state. This choosing would incorporate both the Population-Based model of voting and the Land-Based model of voting. The Population-Based model is used in this choosing because House Representatives are elected based on that model. The Land-Based model is used in this choosing because each state would be limited to one vote.

The current choosing of electors for federal head executives is based on both the Population-Based model and the Land-Based model of voting. More populated states are allowed to have more electors and thus more electoral votes but not proportionately as each state is guaranteed a minimum of two electoral (at-large) votes. Additionally due to each state choosing only one candidate for President, cross-voting has to be used but not exclusively. Both models of voting have to be utilized in the choosing of Presidential and Vice-Presidential electors. Otherwise the capacity of both President and Vice-President becomes either too direct democratic if the choosing of either is solely based on the Population-Based model or too Imperial Democratic if the choosing is solely based on the Land-Based model.

For the proposed choosing of Presidential electors, the Land-Based model would be more utilized because all the electoral votes assigned to each locality would be received by the candidate who received the highest number of popular votes by the eligible electorate (voters) PER LOCALITY. The Population-Based model would also be used since each locality would have electoral votes assigned to it according to its population. The Land-Based model would additionally be used as each state would choose two additional presidential at-large electors. The Population-Based model would furthermore be used because these two additional Presidential electors would be selected by each state's lower house (House of Delegates/Assemblymen).

For the proposed choosing of Vice-Presidential electors, the Population-Based model would be used more so since the electoral votes assigned to each locality would be received by the candidate who received the highest number of votes by the eligible electorate (voters) PER ELECTION PRECINCT. The Land-Based model would also be used as each state would choose two additional vice-presidential at-large electors. The Land-Based model and Population-Based model would additionally be used because these two additional Vice-Presidential electors would be selected by both the state's upper house (State Senate) and the state's lower house (House of Delegates/Assemblypersons).

The Use Of Electors-Clarification Part Two

In the Vice-Presidential race, electors should mainly be chosen by electoral voting at the state senate district level. The two additional electors should be chosen by both the lower house (state delegates/assemblypersons) and the upper house (state senate) in each state.

The candidate for Vice-Presidential elector who wins the popular vote by eligible voters for each election precinct whose population is in that specific state senate district receives all the electoral votes for that specific election precinct. The same number of electoral votes are to be assigned to each election precinct within that state senate district.

The candidate for vice-presidential elector who wins the most electoral votes becomes the elector for that state senate district.

The Use Of Electors-Clarification

There should be three modes of election: Electors, electoral voting, and direct citizen voting.

This series of posts will explain the use of electors. Electors should be used to choose head executives and assistant head executives at the state and federal level.

In the Presidential race, electors should mainly be chosen by electoral voting at the congressional district level. The two additional electors should be chosen by each the lower house (delegates or assemblypersons) and the upper house (state senators) in each state.

The candidate for elector who wins the popular vote by eligible voters for each locality whose population is in that specific congressional district receives all the electoral votes for that locality. The electoral votes assigned to each locality is dependent on its population within that congressional district.

The candidate for presidential elector who wins the most electoral votes becomes the elector for that congressional district.

Minor Changes In The Elector System Are Needed To Dilute The Expanded Authority Of Federal Government-Part One

The 3rd paragraph of the Original Twelfth Amendment that has not been amended reads as follows.

"The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice."

The US Constitution is not a perfect document. It is in need of minor changes. This is due to the fact that when the U.S. Constitution was written, the federal government was subordinate to the states in terms of sovereignty. Since that has not been the case since the end of the U.S Civil War, changes are necessary to dilute the authority of federal government.

Presidential electors should be chosen by a Land-Based democratic model (electoral votes assigned to localities' ward/districts) because they represent an entity (congressional district) that is Population-Based democratic model. These electors individually cast ballots for a candidate who will hold an office that is both Population-Based and Land-Based. The office for POTUS is Population-Based as that officeholder will preside over domestic federal agencies. The office for POTUS is also Land-Based as that officeholder is in charge of all aspects of foreign policy and border security and is also is the Commander-In-Chief of the Armed Forces. Furthermore the President has lawmaking authority as he/she can veto bills from both federal legislative house. Therefore it is imperative that both democratic based models are used to choose the POTUS.

Vice-Presidential electors should be chosen by a Population-Based democratic model (electoral votes assigned to localities' precincts) because they represent an entity (state senate district) that is Land-Based democratic model. These electors individually cast ballots for a candidate who will hold an office in a federal legislative body that is Land-Based. The office for VPOTUS is Land-Based as that officeholder is President Of The United States Senate, which is a Land-Based democratic body. Therefore it is imperative that the Land-Based democratic based model is used to choose the POTUS.

In this proposed amendment, it should be the US Senate who determines the ballots for President in case the majority of electors cannot make this determination. The choosing of President by these electors is based on the Population-Based model since each elector represents a congressional district. Therefore if electors fail to make this choosing, the next alternative choosing must be based on the Land-Based model. Due to the fact that the US Senate is a Land-Based democratic political body, the majority of members in the US Senate must choose the POTUS out of the Top Three electors' vote-getting candidates. If the US Senate cannot muster a majority for one of the three candidates, then the VPOTUS chosen by the U.S. House Of Representatives becomes the Acting POTUS and the other candidate for VPOTUS who was not initially chosen by the U.S. House Of Representatives becomes the Acting VPOTUS.

It must be noted that presently the members of the U.S. Senate choose the Vice-President Of The United States amongst the VP candidates if the electors fail to do so via simple majority. That clearly poses a conflict of interest as the VPOTUS is the President of the U.S. Senate. This current law makes the U.S. Senate Imperial Democratic. In order for this process to be Representative Democratic, the U.S. House of Representatives needs to make the choosing of VPOTUS with each state assigned one electoral vote. This will ensure that both Population-Based models and Land-Based models are used in this alternative choosing of the VPOTUS.

It should also be the U.S. House of Representatives who determines the ballots for Vice-President in case the majority of electors cannot make this determination. The choosing of Vice-President by these electors is based both on the Land-Based and Population-Based models since each elector represents a state senate district but is elected by the electorate in a precinct (precincts have generally the same number of voters). Therefore if electors fail to make this choosing, the next alternative choosing must be based on both models. Due to the fact that the US House of Representatives is a Population-Based democratic political body, the majority of members in the US House of Representatives must choose the VPOTUS out of the Top Two electors' vote-getting candidates. However all states that each federal legislative lower house member belongs is to be assigned one electoral vote to reflect the Land-Based model. The candidate, out of the Top Two candidates as chosen by the electors, who wins the majority of electoral votes becomes the VPOTUS.

The House of Representatives should be able to make this determination based not on a simple majority but by one vote per state for a simple reason. This is due to the fact a Land-Based model has to also be used in selecting the Vice-President if electors fail to choose the POTUS. Since the VPOTUS is the President of the Senate (a legislative body), he/she is more involved with the lawmaking process than the President. Therefore there is more of a need for both models to be used in choosing the VPOTUS if the U.S. House of Representatives is given that responsibility.

Cliff Notes Version: If the electors fail to choose the White House occupants, the following must occur.

1. The U.S. Senate must choose the President with its simple majority if the Presidential electors are unable. The choosing of the President is based on both Democratic models as its role is both domestic and foreign as well as both administrative and legislative. Thus the U.S. Senate must do the choosing because it is based on an Land Based Democratic Model.

2. The House of Representatives must choose the Vice-President with its simple majority. Since the choosing of the Vice-President is more based on an Population Based Democratic Model as its supposed role is more legislative than administrative, the simple majority of the House of Representatives must do the choosing since that federal legislative body is based on an Population Based Democratic Model.

VOTING SYSTEMS IN DIFFERENT DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC GOVERNMENT MODES- RANKED CHOICE VOTING (PART SIX)- REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MODE

Representative Democratic Mode- This mode rejects purely private funding of campaigns because of its corrupt nature. Moreover it rejects purely public funding due to its authoritarianism. Compelling taxpayers to completely fund all political campaigns is tyrannical only.

However, eligible candidates do need a platform to express themselves to their constituents. Constituents need the means for candidates to advocate their positions so that they can take proper decision on election day.

In this mode, all eligible candidates for elected office will be allowed to debate twice in a public forum and at public expense. All eligible candidates will be allowed to give one broadcasted speech to all constituents with publicly funded infrastructure. The executive branch of the specific government will issue one newsletter to all their constituents in which all eligible candidates cite their views, stance, and positions.

Campaigns can still receive private funds. However in Representative Democratic mode, only adult U.S. citizens and permanent residents are allowed to contribute to a campaign. The amount they
contribute as an individual and as a household unit is capped.

Since no public money goes directly into campaigns, the tyrannical influences are kept to a minimum. Finally this lessens the corrupt influence of private funding of campaigns as all candidates have a level playing field to air their stated agenda.

Pro-liberty

Thursday, June 09, 2022